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Sardis was one of the legendary cities of Asia Minor in what is today Turkey. In the seventh century B.C., Sardis was the capital
of the kingdom of Lydia. Gold was found in the river near Sardis and the kings who lived there were renowned for their wealth.
The Persians captured Sardis in the sixth century and made it the administrative center for the western part of their empire.
The fabled "royal road" connected Sardis with the Persian cities to the east. In New Testament times, Sardis was part of the
Roman province of Asia.
During the Mermnad dynasty (ca. 680-547 B.C.), the empire reached its greatest geographical extent, stretching from the Aegean
Sea to central Anatolia. Herodotus credits the Lydian kings with the invention of coinage and the construction of the great royal
burial mounds at Bin Tepe, some 6 miles to the northwest of the acropolis. Kings Gyges and Croesus were particularly renowned
for lavish gifts dedicated in Greek sanctuaries. In 547 B.C., Sardis was sacked by Cyrus the Great and remained under Persian
control until 334 B.C., when it was captured by Alexander the Great.
By the nineteenth century, Sardis was in ruins, showing construction chiefly of the Roman period. The first large scale
archaeological expedition in Sardis was directed by Howard Crosby Butler of Princeton University between years 1910 - 1914,
unearthing the Temple of Artemis, and more than a thousand Lydian tombs. The excavation campaign was halted by World War I,
followed by the Turkish War of Independence. Some surviving artifacts from the Butler excavation were added to the collection
of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The city was for many centuries a significant point of juncture between the
Greeks of the Aegean and the Persians. Traders and caravans, laden with riches of every description, must have passed through
Sardis, and so it is little wonder that the Lydians acquired an international taste. During the Hellenistic era, which followed
Alexander's death, Sardis was much coveted by the Seleucid dynasts and the kings of Pergamon. In 282 B.C., the city became a
Seleucid capital, during which time it acquired status as a Greek city-state. The monumental temple to the goddess Artemis on
the site dates to this period.Heredotes writes in detail the history of the kings before Gyges, stating that these were of 22
generations, who ruled for a total of 505 years. The last Lydian king was called Condaules. It is said that this king loved his
wife very dearly and spoke of her as the most beautiful object on earth. At that time Gyges commanded Caryian mercenaries at the
court. The king, being fond of Gyges, explained to him the beauty of his wife. Gyges however was apparently little impressed,
whereupon the king exclaimed: "Gyges, you do not seem convinced. The ear does not tell the truth as does the eye, in which case
you must see her naked". This proposal so astonished Gyges that he immediately exclaimed that he believed fervently in the beauty
of the queen, saying that "when a woman is stripped of her clothes, she is also stripped of her shame", and protesting that "It is
unfit for me to look upon the wife of my master, I beg that you may not force me to perform what would be a terrible wrong. I believe
that she is the most beautiful woman in the world".
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